Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable

Security risks The major benefit of outsourcing is normally the reduction of costs and maximization of efficiency. To ensure its success, a company usually focuses on finding the best firm to contract a job.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More The off-shore IT services should be handled with a lot of care as it serves as the back bone of the company. In the present age, emerging issues like computer crimes and increased government involvement in the private businesses has questioned the viability of out sourcing the IT services (Beaver, 2011). In most cases, outsourcing usually revolves around the electronic assets of the company. This will include financial information or ideas. Therefore, Outsourcing greatly increases the chances of something going wrong. Since data is shared among various different users. Therefore, it is evi dent that privacy is limited and loss of data is often looming. Even though most of the IT consulting companies are known to be trustworthy and responsible in nature, not all are perfect. A company may never fully know or comprehend the down side of the company it is outsourcing from. This is usually learnt after they suffer loss of data or violation of integrity (Wejman, 2006). It is true that there is a relationship between IT outsourcing and outsourcing risks. By outsourcing a particular service, in this case the IT services, the company is always at significant risk. Topping the list of risks is that the company losses privacy of its confidential information. Additionally they are not fully aware of any hidden intentions especially from rouge employees who form the outsourced company. When the IT services are held within the company, it is not exposed to such risks but after outsourcing or taking those services off-shore, they have entered into unknown waters. The risk level in outsourcing is therefore very high. Legal Issues IT outsourcing is known widely to involve contracts hence the need to have lawyers to represent the clients on both sides to agree on the contract terms and conditions. The contracts are required to be formulated in such a way that they serve the interest of the two parties. The experience of the lawyers is vital as it goes an extra mile in pointing out to the client the various pitfalls in deals involved in outsourcing.Advertising Looking for report on business economics? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The terms are important as they protect the two parties from each other and they indicate their working environment. The contract between the two parties should explicitly indicate the work required to be performed, the time scale of the project (beginning and deadlines), the pay structure and cycle and method/ways of resolving conflict between the parties (Canadian Institute o f Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Information Threats There are risks that the systems might fail or due to lack of integrity, information may be tampered with. In relation to this, the organizations ability on constructing sound decisions is also jeopardized.since in an outsourcing scenario, functions are carried out by different personnel governed by different management and undertaken in a different environment. In this kind of an arrangement, the employer instructs the outsourcing company to document its activities but in most cases, this may not be done as accurately as they wanted hence it may be substandard. The risk levels therefore are high (Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants, 2003). Organizational Performance Performance of the organization is directly affected by all departments. Failure of one department might greatly affect the overall organizational goals of success. If outsourcing the IT service by the organization goes according to plan, the per formance will be upheld. The outsourcing firm should be able to meet the defined standards of performance of the employer to ensure its relevance to the employer. References Beaver K. (2011) Outsourcing IT services: Is it worth the security risk? Retrieved from https://searchsecurity.techtarget.com/tip/Outsourcing-IT-services-Is-it-worth-the-security-risk Canadian Institute of Chartered Accountants. (2003). Information technology  outsourcing. Toronto. Houseman et al (2006).Outsourcing, Offshoring, and Productivity Measurement in U.S. Manufacturing. New York; Sage.Advertising We will write a custom report sample on Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Wejman, B. (2010) Continental Airlines: Outsourcing IT to Support Business Transformation. International Journal of Communication, 2 (1), 19-25. This report on Operational Definition of Variables Construct/Variable was written and submitted by user Shane Winters to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Legalization of Marijuana

Legalization of Marijuana Free Online Research Papers Though some people may abuse the drug, marijuana should be legalized because of the benefits the drug offers to many others. There are medical benefits to marijuana use such as for cancer patients, people infected with AIDS, multiple sclerosis, and epileptics. The physical effects of marijuana use are relatively harmless. The government could make a significant profit by taxing marijuana if the drug was legalized and possibly diminish the drug dealers business. By decriminalizing the drug, the government would also save money because the United States spends millions of dollars to enforce marijuana laws. Marijuana has been around for thousands of years. The drug has been known to treat ailments since 3000 B.C. such as constipation, whooping cough, rheumatic pains, malaria, and absent-mindedness, to induce sleep and to lower fevers. The drug was introduced to the United States in the early 1920’s by Mexican immigrants. Today, medical marijuana is used for glaucoma, multiple sclerosis and used to help those with AIDS and individuals who are undergoing chemotherapy.† 78 % of cancer patients claim smoking marijuana –unlike any other drugshelped stop the nausea which is accompanied by chemotherapy†. (Stiefel, C. Marijuana on the ballot February 21, 1997) The cannabis plant helps to encourage their appetite despite the queasiness that comes with these therapies. Condition Cancer Chemotherapy Vomiting and nausea AIDS-related wasting Stimulates appetite Multiple sclerosis/ Epilepsy Reduces muscle spasms Glaucoma Reduces fluid pressure build up Patients with glaucoma, an eye disease, say marijuana has prevented them from going blind by reducing fluid pressure in their eyes. Some people say marijuana prevents epileptic seizures; reduces migraine headache pain; and alleviates the muscular tremors and paralysis of multiple sclerosis. (Stiefel, C. Marijuana on the ballot February 21, 1997) Doctors presently prescribe drugs that are known to be highly addictive and potentially harmful such as Morphine, OxyContin, Vicodin, Percocet and some anti-depressants. Medical marijuana is one of the most broadly supported issues in the drug policy reform. In 1976, the U.S. federal government created the Investigational New Drug (IND) compassionate access program and granted the first of 12 patients the right to use medical marijuana as part of a clinical research program. The first state to legalize marijuana for medical use in 1978 was New Mexico. The federal government later approved synthetic THC (Marinol) as prescription medication in 1985. During 1989-1991 individuals with severe illnesses (several with AIDS) flood the United States government with requests to be apart the medical marijuana program. A 1990 survey concluded that 44 % of cancer doctors recommended marijuana to at least one of their patients. However, the program ended in 1992 due to being inundated by applicants; currently there are only seven patients, who can legally use marijuana through the federal program, (Stiefel, C. Marijuana on the ballot February 21, 1997). Whi le the majority of states in the U.S. oppose, there are 11 states that have legally recognized medical marijuana use for their citizens, including: Alaska, Hawaii, California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington, Montana, Colorado, Vermont, Maine and Rhode Island. Marijuana was first used as a pleasure-inducing drug in the United States in 1900. Marijuana continues to be the most common illegal drug in the United States; the drug has been illegal to sell, grow, or have in possession since 1937. Unlike legal drugs like tobacco and alcohol, marijuana contains an ingredient that produces euphoria. In passing the Controlled Substances Act, the United States Congress classified marijuana a high potential for abuse in 1970. However, marijuana use did not decline. Recreational marijuana use continued to spread and became one of the most prevalent drugs in the America, only second to alcohol. Marijuana is easily accessible in the streets and known as reefer, bud, weed, grass, pot, and maryjane. In the last fifteen years, the number of teens who anticipate trying marijuana has doubled. On 1995, 20 %of 8th graders, 34% of 10th graders and 42 % of 12th graders said they had smoked marijua na. It is understood that we do not want our children to abuse this â€Å"therapeutic† drug, so we, as the adults should enforce the situation the same way we address alcohol and tobacco products. Many American citizens are concerned that marijuana will be abused if legalized. It is speculated that marijuana may be a gateway drug to other drugs. There has never been substantial evidence of anyone overdosing or dying from use of the drug. Some marijuana users consume the drug to relieve stress or tension. Though the physical effects of marijuana use are moderately harmless, some individuals argue smoking marijuana is likely to generate more health problems than one already has. The cannabis plant is classified a psychoactive drug but has not been proven to be a lethal drug. Marijuana use has been linked to distorted perception (sights, sounds, time, and touch), memory loss, loss of coordination, trouble with concentration, increased heart rate, reduced blood pressure and some say marijuana smoke contains more cancer-causing chemicals than cigarette smoke. Some studies show that THC may even damage the immune cells that help fight diseases. While there are various side effe cts to marijuana, consider the alternative with other â€Å"therapeutic† drugs such as alcohol or tobacco users. Alcohol has been linked to numerous violent crimes, while marijuana users are usually more tranquil. There are some adverse results that are very significant; however, there are adverse results to just about everything in today’s society. The Marijuana Policy Project is a nationwide organization that works to decriminalize marijuana. The organization is the largest marijuana policy reform in the United States. The Marijuana Policy Project deems that the greatest damage correlated with marijuana is imprisonment. The projects’ main emphasis is to remove the criminal penalties for marijuana use, with a particular prominence on making marijuana medically available to terminally ill people who have the approval of their doctors. Legalizing marijuana could save the U.S. government money and generate money as well. Prohibition of marijuana is extremely costly to our country. The government spends an estimated $7.7 billion per year in government expenditure on enforcement of prohibition because an extensive amount of resources are required to apprehend those individuals who buy or sell illegal drugs, prosecuting them in court, and housing them in jail. A marijuana user is arrested approximately every 36 seconds. John Walters, the White House drug czar has a yearly advertising budget of $60 million, which he uses for the most part to run anti-marijuana advertisement campaigns. Decriminalizing marijuana would save the American taxpayers a tremendous amount of money, to the tune of a projected $44 billion every fiscal year. Miron, Jeffrey A. Costs of Marijuana Prohibition: Economic Analysis Table 2: Expenditures Attributable to Marijuana Prohibition ($ in millions) (2003) Police Budget Judicial Budget Corrections Budget Total State Total: MJ Prohib: Total MJ Prohib: Total MJ Prohib. Total MJ Prohib. Alabama 656 18.28 262 28.56 404 4.04 1,322 51 Alaska 177 3.61 130 14.17 175 1.75 482 20 Arizona 1096 33.79 611 66.60 955 9.55 2,662 110 Arkansas 351 6.99 156 17.00 328 3.28 835 27 California 8703 227.97 6255 681.80 7170 71.70 22,128 981 Colorado 830 19.48 329 35.86 820 8.20 1,979 64 Connecticut 682 19.25 430 46.87 554 5.54 1,666 72 Delaware 166 4.82 90 9.81 228 2.28 484 17 Florida 3738 103.19 1396 152.16 3272 32.72 8,406 288 Georgia 1279 48.38 525 57.23 1375 13.75 3,179 119 Hawaii 222 2.49 180 19.62 153 1.53 555 24 Idaho 207 4.61 102 11.12 191 1.91 500 18 Illinois 3053 84.28 961 104.75 1763 17.63 5,777 207 Indiana 843 28.25 325 35.43 727 7.27 1,895 71 Iowa 426 13.44 253 27.58 298 2.98 977 44 Kansas 430 12.26 206 22.45 349 3.49 985 38 Kentucky 488 19.78 290 31.61 610 6.10 1,388 57 Louisiana 829 27.89 359 39.13 780 7.80 1,968 75 Maine 164 6.31 69 7.52 123 1.23 356 15 Maryland 1120 39.68 489 53.30 1104 11.04 2,713 104 Massachusetts 1479 53.98 628 68.45 795 7.95 2,902 130 Michigan 1792 40.62 905 98.65 1853 18.53 4,550 158 Minnesotta 874 37.18 442 48.18 591 5.91 1,907 91 Mississippi 404 12.03 154 16.79 292 2.92 850 32 Missouri 886 21.79 359 39.13 627 6.27 1,872 67 Montana 136 1.02 66 7.19 125 1.25 327 9 Nebraska 235 8.98 96 10.46 231 2.31 562 22 Nevada 539 10.32 248 27.03 471 4.71 1,258 42 New Hampshire 187 8.84 92 10.03 115 1.15 394 20 New Jersey 2231 78.52 948 103.33 1480 14.80 4,659 197 New Mexico 382 6.12 167 18.20 315 3.15 864 27.47 New York 5717 274.42 2262 246.56 4392 43.92 12,371 564.90 North Carolina 1318 33.03 470 51.23 1159 11.59 2,947 95.85 North Dakota 68 1.43 55 6.00 40 0.40 163 7.82 begin_of_the_skype_highlighting  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  00 40 0.40 163 7.82  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  end_of_the_skype_highlighting Ohio 2124 58.03 1158 126.22 1937 19.37 5,219 203.63 Oklahoma 518 21.53 193 21.04 511 5.11 1,222 47.68 Oregon 696 15.23 356 38.80 747 7.47 1,799 61.50 Pennsylvania 2220 59.82 1067 116.30 2221 22.21 5,508 198.33 Rhode Island 211 8.23 105 11.45 139 1.39 455 21.06 South Carolina 653 28.79 179 19.51 559 5.59 1,391 53.89 South Dakota 88 2.91 40 4.36 81 0.81 209 8.08 Tennessee 940 36.47 399 43.49 604 6.04 1,943 86.00 Texas 3204 88.47 1355 147.70 3755 37.55 8,314 273.71 Utah 381 7.30 202 22.02 351 3.51 934 32.83 Vermont 78 1.69 39 4.25 66 0.66 183 6.60 Virginia 1176 31.08 513 55.92 1246 12.46 2,935 99.46 Washington 1007 26.66 470 51.23 1053 10.53 2,530 88.42 West Virginia 171 5.17 108 11.77 184 1.84 463 18.79 Wisconsin 1124 0.13 440 47.96 1030 10.30 2,594 58.39 Wyoming 99 2.83 50 5.45 98 0.98 247 9.26 56,398 1,707.41 26,984 2941.26 48447 484.47 131,829 5,133 Arrest Data: http://fisher.lib.virginia.edu/collections/stats/crime/ Judicial Percent: Pastore and Maguire (2003), Table 5.42, p.444 Budget Data: census.gov/govs/www/state00.html Incarceration Percent: Pastore and Maguire (2003), Table 6.30, p.499 Taxing marijuana like alcohol or tobacco would produce an expected $37 billion in tax proceeds. In the year 2008, at least 41% of Americans support legalizing marijuana according to a poll given by Zogby International. Many individuals believe legalizing marijuana could be very beneficial to the public. A score of people are certain that this drug has countless medical and economical advantages, as well as the decline in the occurrence of crime. It is deemed by many that the numerous benefits of marijuana clearly outweigh the risks associated with marijuana use. Those that oppose the legalization of marijuana refuse to embrace the therapeutic gains of its use, yet they are rampant to accept other legal narcotics that are known to be highly addictive with dangerous side effects. The disadvantages of legalizing marijuana include the battle of keeping the â€Å"herb† out of our youths’ hands, basically the same issue we have with alcohol and tobacco products. Opposers argue that marijuana use initiates the use of other drugs that may be harsher and more severe. These conservatives also expect that legalizing marijuana will encourage an epidemic in usage. Smoking marijuana in general may warrant health issues. Alcohol warrants health issues. Tobacco warrants health issues. Individuals that do not wish to consume alcohol or tobacco products do not do so. An adult should be allowed to make the decision on whether they choose to use this therapeutic plant or not. Millions of adult Americans use marijuana regularly because they find it helps to ease their pains or helps them to relax after a stressful day. A controlled marijuana market would better defend their health and be much safer than the unfettered black market. Though marijuana is legal in other countries, the plant remains the second most prevalent drug in America whether used by the terminally ill, or by those individuals looking to indulge into one of life’s sweetest pleasures. Decriminalizing marijuana is not necessarily excusing or supporting marijuana use but instead recognizing the communal authenticity of its presence. References Facts about marijuana seeds, legalizing marijuana, growing cannabis leaf, www.marijuanahydro.com 1996 Hammer, J. The war over weed., Newsweek, Vol. 131, Issue 11 March 16, 1995 McMurray, C. Medicinal Marijuana: Is It What the Doctor Ordered? Gallup Poll Tuesday Briefing, p1-2, 2p December 16, 2003 Miron, Jeffrey A. Costs of Marijuana Prohibition: Economic Analysis www.prohibitioncosts.org/mironreport.html June 2005 Silverberg, D. Arresting the Drug Laws. Progressive, Vol. 69 Issue 8, p33-33, 1p August 2005 Stiefel, C. Marijuana on the ballot. Science World, Vol. 53 Issue 10, p8, 3p, 2 color; February 21, 1997 Research Papers on Legalization of MarijuanaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)Moral and Ethical Issues in Hiring New EmployeesThe Fifth HorsemanGenetic EngineeringTwilight of the UAWNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceBringing Democracy to Africa Legalization of Marijuana Free Online Research Papers From the beginning of time, cannabis has played a major role in all of our lives. According to Jerome Jaffe, the earliest known fabric was woven from hemp in 8000 BCE. The Chinese treated arthritis and gout with hemp in 2727 BCE. In 1762 you could be thrown in jail for NOT growing marijuana in Virginia. And as recently as 1944, shortly after the Marijuana Tax Act of 1937, the LaGuardia report questioned the government’s sanity regarding the use of cannabis. â€Å"The laws governing marijuana today are largely due to three very powerful Americans (Williams Randolph Hearst, Andrew Mellon, and Lamont Du Pont) who were afraid they would lose tremendous amounts of money if hemp was allowed to reach its full commercial potential. To protect their bottom line, they engaged in an all out campaign to convince the country that marijuana (which no one had ever heard of) was on the brink of ruining their lives† (OBrien, Cohen, Evans, and Fine, 175). I will not be reporting a biography of these individuals, I will only be expressing my thoughts on legalization. Although there are certainly negative aspects of any idea, I wholeheartedly support the legalization of marijuana in our society an d culture today. One of the pessimistic features of the legalization of an illicit drug would be control. There would have to be a system in place, much like the laws regarding alcohol, to regulate the use of marijuana. There would obviously have to be laws controlling the amount of marijuana in possession of the person as well as a way to ensure the productivity of the working class; perhaps by restricting it in the same way a person would get fired or jailed for over intoxication at work or while operating heavy machinery. Another negative aspect of legalization is the common dullness which can result in excessive smoking of marijuana. However, this may change once a person gets used to the substance. â€Å"They will become more functional in public and may actually adapt well in most circumstances† (Andrews, 661). The only reason people may come across as useless in the eyes of the sober is due to the fact that marijuana is, in fact, illegal and frowned upon by all those who do not partake. This causes the individual to become paranoid in a public setting and nervous because of the constant judging from the sober. As was mentioned before, I wholeheartedly support the legalization of marijuana. Economically, it could be taxed and sold at a slightly higher price, putting the small time dealers out of business, cutting down on the drug related crimes; all while putting money in the governments pocket. Medicinally, it is ideal for people with any kind of gastrointestinal problems like ulcers or heartburn. It has an obvious use in the treatment of glaucoma and cancer/AIDS related anxiety and nausea. Physically it could help nurse the disease of bulimia and anorexia by aiding food consumption. It also does not have the same debilitating effect on the body as does, say alcohol. The list could conceivably go on for pages. In my opinion, the pros most definitely outweigh the cons. I look forward to the day when marijuana will finally be legalized and alcohol consumption will diminish. It is time for the entire nation to gain legal entrance into the â€Å"secret garden† where the quality of human life may just be that much better. References Andrews, Matthew. (1972). The Parents Guide to Drugs (Doubleday Co.). pp. 4-12. Jaffe, Jerome H. (1995). Encylopedia of Drugs Alcohol (Simon Schuster). pp. 659-663. OBrien, R., Cohen, S., Evans, G., and Fine, J., (Eds.). (1992). The Enclopedia of Drug Abuse (Facts on File, Inc.). pp. 175-179. Research Papers on Legalization of MarijuanaUnreasonable Searches and SeizuresThe Effects of Illegal ImmigrationThe Relationship Between Delinquency and Drug UseCapital Punishment19 Century Society: A Deeply Divided EraPETSTEL analysis of IndiaNever Been Kicked Out of a Place This NiceComparison: Letter from Birmingham and CritoTwilight of the UAWArguments for Physician-Assisted Suicide (PAS)

Lewis Surname Meaning & Origin

Lewis Surname Meaning & Origin The Lewis surname is generally derived from the Germanic given name Lewis (Lowis, Lodovicus), meaning reknowned, famous battle, from the Germanic elements hlod ‘fame’ wig ‘war.’ In Wales, the Lewis surname may have derived from an Anglicized form of the personal name Llywelyn. As an Irish or Scottish surname, Lewis can be an Anglicized form of the Gaelic Mac Lughaidh, meaning son of Lughaidh, derived from Lugh brightness. Lewis is also a common Americanization of several similar sounding Jewish surnames, such as Levy and Lewin. Lewis is the 26th most popular surname in the United States and the 21st most common surname in England. Surname Origin: English Alternate Surname Spellings: LOUIS, LOUYS Famous People with the Surname LEWIS: Edna Lewis - Gourmet chef and cookbook authorEdmonia Lewis - African American and Native American female sculptorCarl Lewis - Olympic track and field athleteMeriwether Lewis - one half of the legendary Lewis Clark expedition to the Pacific Ocean, along with William Clark.C.S. Lewis - author of the popular Narnia series of childrens books. Genealogy Resources for the Surname LEWIS: 100 Most Common U.S. Surnames Their MeaningsSmith, Johnson, Williams, Jones, Brown... Are you one of the millions of Americans sporting one of these top 100 common last names from the 2000 census? LEWIS Surname DNA ProjectExplore family histories and/or submit your DNA to help unravel the various Lewis family lines. Lewis Family Genealogy ForumSearch this popular genealogy forum for the Lewis surname to find others who might be researching your ancestors, or post your own Lewis query. FamilySearch - LEWIS GenealogyFind records, queries, and lineage-linked family trees posted for the Lewis surname and its variations. LEWIS Surname Family Mailing ListsRootsWeb hosts several free mailing lists for researchers of the Lewis surname. Cousin Connect - LEWIS Genealogy QueriesRead or post genealogy queries for the surname Lewis, and sign up for free notification when new Lewis queries are added. DistantCousin.com - LEWIS Genealogy Family HistoryFree databases and genealogy links for the last name Lewis. Looking for the meaning of a given name? Check out First Name Meanings Cant find your last name listed? Suggest a surname to be added to the Glossary of Surname Meanings Origins. Source Cottle, Basil. Penguin Dictionary of Surnames. Baltimore, MD: Penguin Books, 1967. Menk, Lars. A Dictionary of German Jewish Surnames. Avotaynu, 2005. Beider, Alexander. A Dictionary of Jewish Surnames from Galicia. Avotaynu, 2004. Hanks, Patrick and Flavia Hodges. A Dictionary of Surnames. Oxford University Press, 1989. Hanks, Patrick. Dictionary of American Family Names. Oxford University Press, 2003. Smith, Elsdon C. American Surnames. Genealogical Publishing Company, 1997.

Youth Work & Poverty (REACTION PAPER) Research Paper

Youth Work & Poverty (REACTION ) - Research Paper Example I agree with this contention because education empowers individuals with knowledge and skills that help them to exploit new opportunities of personal and professional growth. It also ensures that they are better equipped to make decisions based on informed choices which enhance their scope of employment. The increasing poverty forces the youth to abandon their studies in favor of work that is necessary for human survival. Moreover, while 16% youth is unemployed, by the age of 23 years, 41% of them end up being arrested at least once for something other than minor traffic violation (dol). This is hugely pertinent fact because it reveals the subtle trend in the current generation towards criminal acts and unlawful activities. The problems of the youth and the deteriorating level of education have emerged as crucial social factors that adversely impact the socio-economic development of the nation (Doob, 38; Conger & Donnellan, 179). It not only deprives the future of the nation with their dreams but also considerably adds to the burden of public welfare plans. One of the interesting questions that it raises is why one of the richest and the most developed nation of the world has not been able to motivate its youth for higher education as two out of every three unemployed youths have high school certificate or less (dol). Their lack of education either makes them jobless or earn much less than their peer group who are better qualified. It often results in low esteem and tendency towards unlawful activities for enjoying the lifestyle that they believe they are entitled for! (Abramsky, 29). Thus education becomes vital tool for the young people to ensure that they are better equipped with skills and qualifications to avail new opportunities of work and contribute to the development of the nation. The educational level has emerged as key element that significantly widens the scope of getting good jobs. It cuts across the divide of

Neutrality of Money Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Neutrality of Money - Essay Example The major influence on the monetary economics and its central role in most of the developed economies has been from the work of Milton Friedman who actually first accepted the ideas of Keynesian economics however then went on to argue against them outlining the greater role of the equilibrium money supply and demand as the key variable for achieving the objectives of monetary policy in any economy. A central issue or debate in monetary economics however, rests with the neutrality of money i.e the increase in money supply results into an equivalent increase in wages and price level. The basic assumption behind the neutrality of money is that central bank potentially has no role in the economy as money does not tend to affect the real variables in the economy. Different views on the neutrality of money however, suggested that the changes in the nominal stock of money supply in the economy tend to affect the economy at least in the short run however, in long run money tend to behave as neutral. This paper will therefore attempt to explain and explore the notion of neutrality of money, the relevant debates on the neutrality of money and what are the different positions adapted by different schools of thoughts in macroeconomics. Neutrality of Money Neutrality of money is based on the assumption that the changes in the aggregate money supply in an economy can only affect the nominal variables. This therefore can result into the simultaneously increase in the prices as well as wages however, it will not affect the real output i.e. real GDP, level of unemployment or real price level in the economy. (Shaw, Greenaway, & McCrostie,1997). Classical economics suggested that the changes in the aggregate money supply in the economy is not going to change the aggregate demand for goods, services and technology in the economy. The term neutrality of money was originally coined by F Hayek indicating a market clearing interest rate which actually could not create booms and bursts under the market equilibrium conditions.( Saving, 1973). The later explanations of this concept therefore clearly established that the central bank does not have any role in the economy because changes in the money supply are not going to affect the economy and some of the nominal variables. This view was deeply held by the classical economists and was subsequently endorsed by the Keynesian model however, with the slight variations. The neutrality of money however is based on some fundamental assumptions such as the inflexibility of the prices, inelastic expectations as well as the absence of money illusion or distribution effects. Under these circumstances, it was generally agreed that the changes in the money supply can only create the changes in the price level as well as the wage rates without affecting the economy in real. Classical views on neutrality of money In order to understand the classical views on the neutrality of money, it is important to explore the idea of classic al dichotomy. According to the classical dichotomy, there are two types of variables i.e. real and nominal. Real variables are being measured based on the relative prices whereas the nominal variables are measured in monetary terms. Thus according to the classical economics, the changes in the money supply can only affect the nominal variables and will not affect the real variables. The above graph shows that with the rise in the money supply, aggregate demand (AD) curve makes a parallel shift to AD’. However, since output is considered at the full employment level, a rise in the money supply will not change the output level and the output level will be restored back to the same level Y. One of the implications of this rise in the money

Chances of Winning the Lottery

Chances of Winning the Lottery Introduction Ive already won a hundred dollars in the state lottery, and hardly anyone wins that much twice. So, Im not likely to win that much again. This statement has been said by numerous people who has played the lottery and those who continues to play the lottery seeking a chance to become an instant winner for money that on just dreams about on a daily basis. To break it down, the chances of winning thee Lotto jackpot are roughly 1 in 3.5 million, or that the overall chances of winning any prize in the Lotto games are about 1 in 20. So why do people all over the world play the Lotto? When it comes to the Lotto it comes down to luck, it is nice when a person wins money playing the Lottery and the ore a person plays the better the odds for them, so technically there is a chance to win money twice buy playing the Lottery. In 2014 people in 44 states spent about 70 billion dollars playing the Lotto, so it is safe to say that someone within those 44 states hit some type of Lotto money twice no matter how small or large the amount was. In March 2014, The Palm Beach Post newspaper revealed that serial Florida jackpot winners, many of them store owners or operators, defied incredible odds to claim thousands of dollars in winnings. The most prolific winners cashed in tickets worth $600 or more every 11 days. [March 2017, Jeffrey Stinson]. Just from this statement alone we can pretty much say that there is a good chance to win some type of Lotto money twice especially if you are a serial Lotto player like the people in Florida. Four people who won two or more lotteries. Steven Ontell (right) of New Jersey; Melvyn Wilson, a four-time winner in Virginia; Connie Cottingham, who won twice in Indiana; and Delma Kinney, who won $1 million twice in Georgia. None of them won nearly as much as Joan Ginther, who won $5.4 million, $2 million, $3 million and $10 million in Texas. [ 2014, Peter Mucha Philly.com]. There are many stories about how many people have won the Lotto twice and more. It makes you wonder how is this happening when there are people how has played the Lotto all their life and has not won at all. If a person has won a hundred dollars in the state Lottery after reading about the people in this paper who has won big money twice, I think the odds are good for a person to win the state Lotto for a hundred dollars a second time. Lottery history is full of mind-boggling examples of winners winning again. Thats one reason the Texas Lottery never investigated Joan Ginther, who won $5.4 million in a 1993 Lotto Texas drawing and then hit it big in three scratch-off games, $2 million in Holiday Millionaire in 2006, $3 million in Millions Millions in 2008, and $10 million in $140,000,000 Extreme Payoff in 2010. Still, the $20.4 million she won tops not only cases involving seemingly normal players, it even beats examples involving crooks or master mathematicians. An MIT group, for example, mined the Massachusetts lottery for seven years, and reportedly won $3.5 million. [ 2014, Peter Mucha Philly.com]. This kind of make you wonder if a person can be this lucky, or is there so type of criminal activity that happen, and at the end of the day is the Lottery crooked. The evidence clearly proves that people can and will continue to win the Lotto multiple times throughout the United States. Questions will continue to rise are people just that lucky, is there Lotto scams through the States and why is playing the Lottery so addictive to so many people. No matter what there will always be a difference in opinion when it comes to this topic between the so, called experts. Conclusion The question at the end of the day will continue to be argued even though there seems to be overwhelming proof that a person can win the Lotto multiple times in ones life. There are some people in the world that could care less about the argument or debate but for the millions or even billions of people who plays the Lotto on a daily basis trying to become rich quick by either scratching or playing different numbers will continue to play. So, to the person who won a hundred dollars in the State Lottery, and hardly thinks anyone wins that much twice, and thinks he/she will not win that much again. Please read the stories of people who have broken all the odds win it comes to the Lotto. References www.pewtrusts.org/en/research-and-analysis/blogs/stateline/2015/1/ www.lottonumbers.com/lotto-odds-calculator.asp www.philly.com//lottery/multiple_winners_in_lottery_history.html Some Lottery Retailers Beat the Odds and Cost States (January 27, 2015 By Jeffrey Stinson)

Common Errors

In two thousand. This does not apply to expressions representing money, time of day, Biblical citations, and a few other things. When using a specific date (month, day, and year), you must have punctuation on either side of the year. Today is September 23, 2012, and it is a Monday. Today is September 23, 2012. When indicating a specific city and state, you need punctuation on either side of the state. We are in Indianapolis, Indiana, headed for Chicago. Indianapolis, Indiana. Structure We are in A comma splice is a type of run-on sentence where you put two complete thoughts together with a comma.You must make these into separate sentences which can be done in a number of ways. Refer to the text for help. Or, just ask. For example: We went to the movie, we were disappointed with the plot. Comma splice We went to the movie; we were disappointed with the plot. Join with a semicolon We went to the movie, and we were disappointed with the plot. Join with a comma/coordinating conjunction We went to the movie; however, we were disappointed with the plot. Join with a conjunctive adverb When you join two complete sentences with ‘however' as a conjunctive adverb, you must use a Nicolle before the ‘however and a comma after it.Examples Of other conjunctive adverbs are otherwise, consequently, indeed, similarly, finally, likewise, then, furthermore, moreover, therefore, hence, nevertheless. For example: We went to the mall; however, we did not purchase anything. Try never to start a sentence with â€Å"There are/were/will be, etc†¦. † And certainly not a paragraph. Less a useless word that does not add to the meaning and does not act as a transition. A shift in number occurs when the writer changes from singular to plural or plural to singular. For example,My goal is to get the attention of the reader so that they will understand my message. â€Å"Reader is singular; â€Å"they' is plural. You must keep the same number. My goal is to get the atte ntion of the readers so that they will understand my message. Papers You cannot use any form of first or second person in your papers. These include l, me, us, we, our, ours, you, yours. First and second person pronouns are fine in your Discussion Boards and Peer Reviews. You must have your pages set up with auto pagination so that the page number ‘moves' with your work. If you do not know how to do this, check in Word for help.The intro to your papers must have the title of the work (if you are reviewing an article) and the author's name. You need to preview you main points and end with a thesis statement. When you write an introduction to your paper, you want to get the readers attention as well as preview your main points. Generally, you will have three to five main points. The intro is meant to be a road map of sorts. You subtly tell your reader where you plan to go. Then, each of the main points should be discussed (in the same order as they were presented in the intro) i n a paragraph or so each.Finally, you need a conclusion that elates directly to the intro by summarizing the main points that you have made in the paper. Your quotations should never exceed three lines. If so, you have to treat them differently per MEAL. Additionally, such long quotes do not serve you well in short papers such as these. Limit the quotes in length. Try to paraphrase and then to use the quotes for sources/back-up to your thoughts. Since we generally have only one source for the first paper, you must cite the author only the first time you quote her. For example, after your first quotation, you would have (author's name and the page number).After that, unless you have another source, you need only cite the page number (405) for example. Remember that you must cite quoted material immediately. Cite paraphrased material when you have finished with the topic, generally at the end of the paragraph. When you introduce a source in your papers, you must give that person reaso nable credentials. For example, you would not write John Smith refers to this type of movement as an economic disaster (citation). Instead, you would credential the source by saying something like John Smith, a professor of economics at Yale University, refers to†¦.